Glob

Match files using the patterns the shell uses, like stars and stuff.

This is a glob implementation in JavaScript. It uses the minimatch library to do its matching.

Usage

var glob = require("glob")

// options is optional
glob("**/*.js", options, function (er, files) {
  // files is an array of filenames.
  // If the `nonull` option is set, and nothing
  // was found, then files is ["**/*.js"]
  // er is an error object or null.
})

Glob Primer

"Globs" are the patterns you type when you do stuff like ls *.js on the command line, or put build/* in a .gitignore file.

Before parsing the path part patterns, braced sections are expanded into a set. Braced sections start with { and end with }, with any number of comma-delimited sections within. Braced sections may contain slash characters, so a{/b/c,bcd} would expand into a/b/c and abcd.

The following characters have special magic meaning when used in a path portion:

• * Matches 0 or more characters in a single path portion
• ? Matches 1 character
• [...] Matches a range of characters, similar to a RegExp range. If the first character of the range is ! or ^ then it matches any character not in the range.
• !(pattern|pattern|pattern) Matches anything that does not match any of the patterns provided.
• ?(pattern|pattern|pattern) Matches zero or one occurrence of the patterns provided.
• +(pattern|pattern|pattern) Matches one or more occurrences of the patterns provided.
• *(a|b|c) Matches zero or more occurrences of the patterns provided
• @(pattern|pat*|pat?erN) Matches exactly one of the patterns provided
• ** If a "globstar" is alone in a path portion, then it matches zero or more directories and subdirectories searching for matches. It does not crawl symlinked directories.

Dots

If a file or directory path portion has a . as the first character, then it will not match any glob pattern unless that pattern's corresponding path part also has a . as its first character.

For example, the pattern a/.*/c would match the file at a/.b/c. However the pattern a/*/c would not, because * does not start with a dot character.

You can make glob treat dots as normal characters by setting dot:true in the options.

Basename Matching

If you set matchBase:true in the options, and the pattern has no slashes in it, then it will seek for any file anywhere in the tree with a matching basename. For example, *.js would match test/simple/basic.js.

Negation

The intent for negation would be for a pattern starting with ! to match everything that doesn't match the supplied pattern. However, the implementation is weird, and for the time being, this should be avoided. The behavior is deprecated in version 5, and will be removed entirely in version 6.

Empty Sets

If no matching files are found, then an empty array is returned. This differs from the shell, where the pattern itself is returned. For example:

$ echo a*s*d*f
a*s*d*f

To get the bash-style behavior, set the nonull:true in the options.

See Also:

• man sh
• man bash (Search for "Pattern Matching")
• man 3 fnmatch
• man 5 gitignore
• minimatch documentation

glob.hasMagic(pattern, [options])

Returns true if there are any special characters in the pattern, and false otherwise.

Note that the options affect the results. If noext:true is set in the options object, then +(a|b) will not be considered a magic pattern. If the pattern has a brace expansion, like a/{b/c,x/y} then that is considered magical, unless nobrace:true is set in the options.

glob(pattern, [options], cb)

• pattern {String} Pattern to be matched
• options {Object}
• cb {Function}
  • err {Error | null}
  • matches {Array} filenames found matching the pattern

Perform an asynchronous glob search.

glob.sync(pattern, [options])

• pattern {String} Pattern to be matched
• options {Object}
• return: {Array} filenames found matching the pattern

Perform a synchronous glob search.

Class: glob.Glob

Create a Glob object by instantiating the glob.Glob class.

var Glob = require("glob").Glob
var mg = new Glob(pattern, options, cb)

It's an EventEmitter, and starts walking the filesystem to find matches immediately.

new glob.Glob(pattern, [options], [cb])

• pattern {String} pattern to search for
• options {Object}
• cb {Function} Called when an error occurs, or matches are found
  • err {Error | null}
  • matches {Array} filenames found matching the pattern

Note that if the sync flag is set in the options, then matches will be immediately available on the g.found member.

Properties

• minimatch The minimatch object that the glob uses.
• options The options object passed in.
• aborted Boolean which is set to true when calling abort(). There is no way at this time to continue a glob search after aborting, but you can re-use the statCache to avoid having to duplicate syscalls.
• cache Convenience object. Each field has the following possible values:
  • false - Path does not exist
  • true - Path exists
  • 'DIR' - Path exists, and is not a directory
  • 'FILE' - Path exists, and is a directory
  • [file, entries, ...] - Path exists, is a directory, and the array value is the results of fs.readdir
• statCache Cache of fs.stat results, to prevent statting the same path multiple times.
• symlinks A record of which paths are symbolic links, which is relevant in resolving ** patterns.
• realpathCache An optional object which is passed to fs.realpath to minimize unnecessary syscalls. It is stored on the instantiated Glob object, and may be re-used.

Events

• end When the matching is finished, this is emitted with all the matches found. If the nonull option is set, and no match was found, then the matches list contains the original pattern. The matches are sorted, unless the nosort flag is set.
• match Every time a match is found, this is emitted with the matched.
• error Emitted when an unexpected error is encountered, or whenever any fs error occurs if options.strict is set.
• abort When abort() is called, this event is raised.

Methods

• pause Temporarily stop the search
• resume Resume the search
• abort Stop the search forever

Options

All the options that can be passed to Minimatch can also be passed to Glob to change pattern matching behavior. Also, some have been added, or have glob-specific ramifications.

All options are false by default, unless otherwise noted.

All options are added to the Glob object, as well.

If you are running many glob operations, you can pass a Glob object as the options argument to a subsequent operation to shortcut some stat and readdir calls. At the very least, you may pass in shared symlinks, statCache, realpathCache, and cache options, so that parallel glob operations will be sped up by sharing information about the filesystem.

• cwd The current working directory in which to search. Defaults to process.cwd().
• root The place where patterns starting with / will be mounted onto. Defaults to path.resolve(options.cwd, "/") (/ on Unix systems, and C:\ or some such on Windows.)
• dot Include .dot files in normal matches and globstar matches. Note that an explicit dot in a portion of the pattern will always match dot files.
• nomount By default, a pattern starting with a forward-slash will be "mounted" onto the root setting, so that a valid filesystem path is returned. Set this flag to disable that behavior.
• mark Add a / character to directory matches. Note that this requires additional stat calls.
• nosort Don't sort the results.
• stat Set to true to stat all results. This reduces performance somewhat, and is completely unnecessary, unless readdir is presumed to be an untrustworthy indicator of file existence.
• silent When an unusual error is encountered when attempting to read a directory, a warning will be printed to stderr. Set the silent option to true to suppress these warnings.
• strict When an unusual error is encountered when attempting to read a directory, the process will just continue on in search of other matches. Set the strict option to raise an error in these cases.
• cache See cache property above. Pass in a previously generated cache object to save some fs calls.
• statCache A cache of results of filesystem information, to prevent unnecessary stat calls. While it should not normally be necessary to set this, you may pass the statCache from one glob() call to the options object of another, if you know that the filesystem will not change between calls. (See "Race Conditions" below.)
• symlinks A cache of known symbolic links. You may pass in a previously generated symlinks object to save lstat calls when resolving ** matches.
• sync DEPRECATED: use glob.sync(pattern, opts) instead.
• nounique In some cases, brace-expanded patterns can result in the same file showing up multiple times in the result set. By default, this implementation prevents duplicates in the result set. Set this flag to disable that behavior.
• nonull Set to never return an empty set, instead returning a set containing the pattern itself. This is the default in glob(3).
• debug Set to enable debug logging in minimatch and glob.
• nobrace Do not expand {a,b} and {1..3} brace sets.
• noglobstar Do not match ** against multiple filenames. (Ie, treat it as a normal * instead.)
• noext Do not match +(a|b) "extglob" patterns.
• nocase Perform a case-insensitive match. Note: on case-insensitive filesystems, non-magic patterns will match by default, since stat and readdir will not raise errors.
• matchBase Perform a basename-only match if the pattern does not contain any slash characters. That is, *.js would be treated as equivalent to **/*.js, matching all js files in all directories.
• nodir Do not match directories, only files. (Note: to match only directories, simply put a / at the end of the pattern.)
• ignore Add a pattern or an array of patterns to exclude matches.
• follow Follow symlinked directories when expanding ** patterns. Note that this can result in a lot of duplicate references in the presence of cyclic links.
• realpath Set to true to call fs.realpath on all of the results. In the case of a symlink that cannot be resolved, the full absolute path to the matched entry is returned (though it will usually be a broken symlink)
• nonegate Suppress deprecated negate behavior. (See below.) Default=true
• nocomment Suppress deprecated comment behavior. (See below.) Default=true

Comparisons to other fnmatch/glob implementations

While strict compliance with the existing standards is a worthwhile goal, some discrepancies exist between node-glob and other implementations, and are intentional.

The double-star character ** is supported by default, unless the noglobstar flag is set. This is supported in the manner of bsdglob and bash 4.3, where ** only has special significance if it is the only thing in a path part. That is, a/**/b will match a/x/y/b, but a/**b will not.

Note that symlinked directories are not crawled as part of a **, though their contents may match against subsequent portions of the pattern. This prevents infinite loops and duplicates and the like.

If an escaped pattern has no matches, and the nonull flag is set, then glob returns the pattern as-provided, rather than interpreting the character escapes. For example, glob.match([], "\\*a\\?") will return "\\*a\\?" rather than "*a?". This is akin to setting the nullglob option in bash, except that it does not resolve escaped pattern characters.

If brace expansion is not disabled, then it is performed before any other interpretation of the glob pattern. Thus, a pattern like +(a|{b),c)}, which would not be valid in bash or zsh, is expanded first into the set of +(a|b) and +(a|c), and those patterns are checked for validity. Since those two are valid, matching proceeds.

Comments and Negation

Note: In version 5 of this module, negation and comments are disabled by default. You can explicitly set nonegate:false or nocomment:false to re-enable them. They are going away entirely in version 6.

The intent for negation would be for a pattern starting with ! to match everything that doesn't match the supplied pattern. However, the implementation is weird. It is better to use the ignore option to set a pattern or set of patterns to exclude from matches. If you want the "everything except x" type of behavior, you can use ** as the main pattern, and set an ignore for the things to exclude.

The comments feature is added in minimatch, primarily to more easily support use cases like ignore files, where a # at the start of a line makes the pattern "empty". However, in the context of a straightforward filesystem globber, "comments" don't make much sense.

Windows

Please only use forward-slashes in glob expressions.

Though windows uses either / or \ as its path separator, only / characters are used by this glob implementation. You must use forward-slashes only in glob expressions. Back-slashes will always be interpreted as escape characters, not path separators.

Results from absolute patterns such as /foo/* are mounted onto the root setting using path.join. On windows, this will by default result in /foo/* matching C:\foo\bar.txt.

Race Conditions

Glob searching, by its very nature, is susceptible to race conditions, since it relies on directory walking and such.

As a result, it is possible that a file that exists when glob looks for it may have been deleted or modified by the time it returns the result.

As part of its internal implementation, this program caches all stat and readdir calls that it makes, in order to cut down on system overhead. However, this also makes it even more susceptible to races, especially if the cache or statCache objects are reused between glob calls.

Users are thus advised not to use a glob result as a guarantee of filesystem state in the face of rapid changes. For the vast majority of operations, this is never a problem.

Contributing

Any change to behavior (including bugfixes) must come with a test.

Patches that fail tests or reduce performance will be rejected.

# to run tests
npm test

# to re-generate test fixtures
npm run test-regen

# to benchmark against bash/zsh
npm run bench

# to profile javascript
npm run prof